Forgotten Legacy: fifty years after ‘Silent Spring’ (originally published in beforeitsnews.com, December 2011)
This year (2012) is the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Rachel Carson’s
seminal work ‘Silent Spring’, published first in the USA in 1962.
This was the first book of its kind – an outspoken, powerfully argued
and well researched condemnation of the reckless use of pesticides in modern
agriculture, in urban and rural pest control and in and around the home.
At the time of its publication there was virtually no environmental movement.
Conservation, its precursor was a minority interest and not taken seriously
by governments or the public. However, the publication of ‘Silent Spring’
changed both public and government awareness of one of the most serious threats
to both man and the environment that we rely on.
Initially, the book and its author were ridiculed by the press at the behest
of the chemical manufacturers and the book’s findings were largely ignored
or derided by government and major institutions such as the American Medical
Association. Despite initial setbacks, the book sold incredibly well all over
the world, so much so that it eventually gained huge media attention. By the
time Carson died from breast cancer, in 1964, the book had created a legacy
that would endure long after her death.
Former American Vice-President described ‘Silent Spring’ as ‘the
beginning of the modern environmental movement’ and no-doubt she would
have been delighted to see the impact of her work leading to the banning in
USA and Europe of well known carcinogenic pesticides such as DDT. However, one
must wonder if she would be so pleased by the progress that has been made in
the decades following the publication of what might be regarded as the most
powerful indictment of misuse and negligence in the use and regulation of modern
technology.
The orthodoxy of the time was based on adoption of ‘chemical control’
as a means of controlling the natural world and solving any perceived problems
arising from its failure to behave in the desired way. Since the 1940’s
when chemical controls derived from the military became fashionable, alternatives
such as ‘biological control’ were largely abandoned, at least until
the effect of ‘Silent Spring’ began to be felt.
Thanks to Carson’s work and subsequent research and regulation chemical
manufacturers have been forced to remove highly toxic pesticides from sale and
replace them with safer broad-spectrum chemicals and selective chemicals. Although
progress has been made it appears, from even a cursory investigation, that the
world is still beset with a dangerous and worldwide problem relating to the
use of pesticides. It would be nice to believe that her job was done, mission
complete, and that there is no longer cause for concern or outrage. The sad
truth could not be more different.
It is true that in Europe and North America standards for pollution of the environment
from insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides and other sources have
been greatly improved in the last fifty years, however according to official
figures (such as given by the EPA in America) billions of pounds of such products
are used each year. Individually these may not be specified as particularly
dangerous, however evidence shows that when multiple products are applied or
products combine in the soil, water-table or water courses the toxicity can
be increased by many multiples. One such example is the organo phosphate Malathion,
which has been used for decades and alone can be dealt with by the human liver.
Unfortunately when combined with other chemicals, either deliberately or by
chance it can become extremely dangerous, it is also potentially dangerous if
ingested by those with an impaired liver. Despite these proven problems, in
excess of 20 million pounds has been used in the USA annually over the last
decade.
The combined effect of multiple products on insects, mammals, fish and indeed
humans can be catastrophic – potentially causing cancer, nerve damage
and even death. This in itself is rather worrying given that large quantities
of pesticides enter the ‘food chain’ every year, ultimately ending
up on our dinner plates or in drinling water.
What is more worrying still is the situation in the so called ‘developing
world’. In Africa there is a chronic problem of poorly stored or poorly
disposed of chemicals that are obsolete. Chemicals such as DDT, banned in Europe
and America since the 60s were sold in Africa (and other places) for a much
longer period of time but after they were banned they continued to be used,
were stored in unsuitable conditions that allowed seepage or were disposed of
in ways that allowed soil and water to be contaminated.
Belatedly, in 2005 a programme was begun to clean up these obsolete pesticides
from Africa, which is expected to take 15 years and cost about 250 million US
dollars. Meanwhile this dangerous stockpile continues to poison land and water,
having a hidden but terrible effect on both wildlife and humans alike.
Even where more modern chemicals are used, there is an appalling lack of understanding
of safety procedures with workers using incorrect dosages, handling undiluted
products, failing to use personal protection equipment (PPE) when applying products
due to either ignorance or lack of money. The consequence of the stockpile of
old products and the reckless use of current products is an enormous cost to
the African continent in both financial and health terms, which has been highlighted
by the Pesticide Action Network.
Moving on to India, the situation there in the last decade has been equally
dire – researchers at the Centre for Science and Environment have found
huge levels of dangerous pesticides present in the blood samples of not just
agricultural workers but the general rural population in areas where pesticides
are heavily used. For example, in Punjab state, which is famous for its agriculture,
massive levels of organochlorine pesticides in humans is accompanied by worryingly
high cancer rates among those exposed. Not only is this taking its toll on the
human population, other organisms (fish and mammals especially) are vulnerable
to damage or death at the hands of pesticides, which is devastating for the
environment and local economies.
In China there have been ongoing problems with safety in agricultural products,
leading to new regulations being drafted in 2011 to deal with the effects of
chemical misuse. Previous regulations, issued in 1997, have proven to be insufficient to prevent public safety scandals due to dangerous levels of pesticides
in food. This problem has a direct effect on the Chinese environment, its animal
and human population with serious poisoning or even deaths.
In 2011 approximately 1.3 million tons of pesticides were used annually, many
of which are proven highly toxic throughout the food chain, however ten of the
most dangerous have now been banned. In 2009 Greenpeace tested 50 fruit and
vegetable samples in an independent laboratory and found that only 5 samples
did not contain pesticides, multiple types were found in the rest.
As with both India and Africa, China has a catastrophic problem brought about
by poor regulation, misuse and general ignorance. This problem, in developing
countries all over the world, is exacerbated by the global economy – a
blind eye often being turned while cheap, but sub-standard, food products are
sold all over the world.
It would be understandable for a European or American to say that pollution
in Africa, South America, Asia etc is not our problem. However, when some or
much of most countries’ food arriving from abroad is laced with a hidden
cocktail of poisons this becomes everyone’s problem.
What is more frightening still is the tendency of chlorinated hydrocarbons to
accumulate over time in the fatty tissues of animals, humans included. This
means that over a long period of time dangerous levels of pesticides and other
related chemicals can build up in the body, possibly eventually leading to infertility,
poisoning or cancer. Often illness will not manifest itself for years, but once
a critical level has built up in the body of a human (or animal) it can lead
to a total collapse of the immune system, nervous system or raging cancer that
kills with great speed.
It is well known that levels of cancer, nervous disease and infertility have
increased dramatically over the last century, in the latter half especially.
Is this just co-incidence or is there a correlation between poor health and
the prevalence of chemical controls in modern agriculture?
Far from disappearing. the use of pesticides and the appearance of their side-effects
has now become a world-wide problem. Rachel Carson’s dire warning fifty
years ago set alarm bells ringing in the ‘western’ economies but
profiteering and negligence has enabled these problems to be transferred to
the rest of the world to such an extent that the entire planet is now becoming
poisoned by our stupidity and greed.
Furthermore, chemical control has proven to be only effective in the short term,
requiring greater quantities over time or new variants in order to overcome
the development of genetic resistance, particularly in insects. Biological controls,
apart from being much safer, have been proven to be effective in pest control
both in the short and long term. Given this indisputable fact, it makes no sense
to allow widespread and careless use of chemical controls when the cost to humanity
and all life far outweighs the benefits, especially when viable alternatives
are available.
A marine biologist and painstaking researcher, Carson provided a stark warning
of where we are headed – she believed that the road we are on is the deceptively
easy road to destruction and that our only chance for the preservation of our
planet is to take the road “less traveled by” which although harder,
is the right and only sensible path to take.
Her impassioned plea was not rooted in hysteria or emotion but arose from her
understanding of biological science and the fragile relationship of the ecosystem
that we and all other living things rely on. Despite well over fifty years of
evidence regarding the catastrophic effect of polluting the natural world that
feeds and sustains us; for political, economic and social reasons humanity continues
to poison the world and itself at an alarming rate.
Surely, if it was not already time to end this madness fifty years ago, it is
now a seriously pressing matter if we are to avoid poisoning ourselves and many
of the earth’s organisms into extinction.
Luke Eastwood is a horticulturist and writer in Ireland. You can
view more of his work at www.lukeeastwood.com. Rachel Carson’s "Silent
Spring" is available in various editions, published by Houghton Mifflin.